Exploring multi-use prospects of maritime space: insights from european research experience
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26253/heal.uth.ojs.aei.2026.2349Keywords:
Multi-Use, Multi-Use Platforms, Maritime Spatial Planning, Spatial PlanningAbstract
In the face of increasing pressures on marine space, enhancing synergies and minimizing conflicts between maritime activities have made the Multi-Use (MU) approach a strategy priority. Within this context, Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) is acknowledged as a key instrument for the rational organization and sustainable management of marine areas, aiming to prevent conflicts and achieve ecological and socioeconomic objectives. This paper investigates the extent to which the MU approach can contribute to sustainable development and the integrated management of marine resources through MSP, drawing on insights from European research programs. The first part examines the core principles underpinning the design of maritime spatial plans, alongside strategic priorities for the integration and promotion of MU. It also assesses the potential benefits of incorporating MU practices into MSP frameworks. The second part presents a systematic review and comparative analysis of deliverables from selected EU-funded projects, identifying key challenges and innovation opportunities to enhance MU-related synergies. The study highlights European policy priorities in MU combinations and proposes strategic recommendations for strengthening implementation. In addition, it outlines a typology of MU configurations and addresses the complexity involved in their integration into planning processes. The findings suggest that incorporating MU into MSP can act as a catalyst for the sustainable governance of marine space and foster the resilience and competitiveness of coastal and island regions, ultimately contributing to the advancement of the blue economy.
Downloads
References
Ελληνόγλωσση
Ασπρογέρακας, Ε. (2022) «Παράμετροι χωροταξικού σχεδιασμού και ανάπτυξης για την υπεράκτια αιολική ενέργεια στην Ελλάδα». Αειχώρος, 34, 181-211.
Ασπρογέρακας, Ε., & Λάζογλου, Μ. (2018) «Τα θαλάσσια χωροταξικά σχέδια ως εργαλεία του ελληνικού συστήματος χωρικού σχεδιασμού», Στο 5ο Πανελλήνιο Συνέδριο Πολεοδομίας, Χωροταξίας και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης, ΤΜΧΠΠΑ, ΠΘ, Βόλος, 27–30 Σεπτεμβρίου 2018.
Βασενχόβεν, Λ. (2017) Θαλάσσιος χωροταξικός σχεδιασμός: Ευρώπη και Ελλάδα. Ηράκλειο: Πανεπιστημιακές Εκδόσεις Κρήτης.
Γουριώτης, Α., Στεφανή, Φ., & Τσιλιμίγκας, Γ. (2016) «Ζητήματα σύνταξης ενός ολοκληρωμένου πλαισίου για τον θαλάσσιο χωροταξικό σχεδιασμό», Αειχώρος, 23, σελ. 135–150.
Κίτσιου, Δ., Πατάκη, Ζ., Δημητριάδης, Δ., Καρύδης, Μ., & Παυλογεωργάτος, Γ. (2015) «Θαλάσσιος χωροταξικός σχεδιασμός – Πρόγραμμα «ΘΑΛ-ΧΩΡ»: Ανάπτυξη χωρικής βάσης δεδομένων», Στο 23η Πανελλήνια Συνάντηση Χρηστών ArcGIS, Αθήνα, Μάιος 2015.
Μέλισσας Δ. & Ασπρογέρακας Ε., (2025) Θαλάσσιος Χωροταξικός Σχεδιασμός και Αιολική Ενέργεια, Αθήνα: Σάκουλας
Μπεριάτος Η. & Παπαγεωργίου Μ., (2010) «Η χωροταξία του θαλάσσιου και παράκτιου χώρου: η περίπτωση της Ελλάδας στη Μεσόγειο», Ανακοίνωση στο 10ο Επιστημονικό Συμπόσιο Κεφαλονιάς με θέμα: Πόλεις και Περιφέρειες στην Ελλάδα και τη Μεσόγειο στον 21ο αιώνα, Αργοστόλι Κεφαλονιάς, 2-4 Ιουλίου 2010
Παπαγεωργίου, Μ. (2016) «Θαλάσσιος χωροταξικός σχεδιασμός και θαλάσσιες χρήσεις: Εννοιολογικά και θεωρητικά ζητήματα», Αειχώρος, 23, σελ. 41–63.
Παπαθανασίου, Μ. και Ασπρογέρακας, Ε., (2022) «Θαλάσσιος χωροταξικός σχεδιασμός: μαθήματα από την εμπειρία της Βόρειας Θάλασσας», Στο: Πρακτικά 6ου Πανελλήνιου Συνεδρίου Πολεοδομίας Χωροταξίας και Περιφερειακής Ανάπτυξης, Χωρικός και αναπτυξιακός σχεδιασμός. Βόλος, 29 Σεπτεμβρίου – 2 Οκτωβρίου 2022
Σιαφάκα, Β., Νιαβής Σ., Ασπρογέρακας Ε., (2025) “Αξιοποίηση της ενάλιας πολιτιστικής κληρονομιάς μέσω του καταδυτικού Τουρισμού στην Ελλάδα”, Περιοδικό ΒΙΩΣΙΜΗ ΑΝΑΠΤΥΞΗ, ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΣ, ΠΑΡΑΔΟΣΕΙΣ, Τεύχος 2025/2: https://sdct-journal.gr/teychi/tefchos-2025-2-2/
Ξενόγλωσση
Altvater, S. (2019) EBA in MSP - A SEA Inclusive Handbook. Pan Baltic Scope: Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Rostock, Germany. ISBN 978-3-86987-990.
Asprogerakas, E., Lazoglou, M. & Manetos, P. (2020) ‘Assessing land–sea interactions in the framework of maritime spatial planning: Lessons from an ecosystem approach’, Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 5(1), 18.
Asprogerakas, E. (2023) 'Interactions between land-based and maritime spatial planning in Greece'. In: Coccossis, H., Gourgiotis, A. and Tsilimigkas, G. (eds.) Maritime spatial planning in the Mediterranean: challenges, perspectives and priorities. Athens: Law Library Publications.
Bengtsson, M. (2016) 'How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis', NursingPlus Open, 2, pp. 8–14.
Bocci, M., Sangiuliano, S.J., Sarretta, A., Ansong, J.O., Buchanan, B., Kafas, A., Caña-Varona, M., et al., (2019) ‘Multi-use of the sea: a wide array of opportunities from site-specific cases across Europe’, PLoS One, Volume 14 (4), e0215010
Bonnevie, I.M., Hansesn, H.S. & Schrøder, L. (2019) ‘Assessing use-use interactions at sea: A theoretical framework for spatial decision support tools facilitating co-location in maritime spatial planning’, Marine Policy, Volume 106, August 2019
Bowen, G.A. (2009) 'Document analysis as a qualitative research method', Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), pp. 27–40.
Boyes, S.J., Elliott, M., Murillas-Maza, A., Papadopoulou, N. and Uyarra, C. (2016) 'Is existing legislation fit-for-purpose to achieve good environmental status in European seas?', Marine Pollution Bulletin, 111(1–2), pp. 18–32.
Braga, J., Santos, T., Shadman, M., Silva, C., Assis Tavares, L. F., & Estefen, S. (2022) ‘Converting Offshore Oil and Gas Infrastructures into Renewable Energy Generation Plants: An Economic and Technical Analysis of the Decommissioning Delay in the Brazilian Case’, Sustainability, 14(21).
Budhathoki, M., Pounds, A., Younes, J.A., Baltadakis, A. and Little, D.C. (2025) 'Mariculture in natural environments: Tourists’ attitudes towards aquaculture during marine tours in Oban, Scotland', Sustainability, 17(2), 710.
Calado, H., Frazão Santos, C., Quintela, A., Fonseca, C. and Gutierrez, D. (2024) 'The ups and downs of maritime spatial planning in Portugal', Marine Policy, 160, 105984.
Calado, H., Pegorelli, C. and Frazão Santos, C. (2021) 'Maritime spatial planning and sustainable development'. In: Leal Filho, W., Azul, A.M., Brandli, L., Lange Salvia, A. and Wall, T. (eds.) Life Below Water. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Cham: Springer.
Calado, H., Papaioannou, E. A., Caña-Varona, M. et.al., (2019). ‘Multi-uses in the Eastern Atlantic: Building bridges in maritime space’, Ocean & Coastal Management, Volume 174, 2019, pp. 131-143.
Castellani, C., Carrer, S. Bocci, M. et.al. (2017) Case Study 6: Coastal and Maritime Tourism and O&G Decommissioning as Drivers for Potential Multi-Use in the Northern Adriatic Sea. MUSES DELIVERABLE: D3.3 - CASE STUDY IMPLEMENTATION. 30 November 2017.
Ciravegna, E., van Hoof, L., Frier, C., Maes, F., Rasmussen, H.B., Soete, A. & van den Burg, S.W.K., (2024). ‘The hidden costs of multi-use at sea’, Marine Policy, Volume 161, 2024.
Dalton, G., Bardocz, T. et al. (2019) 'Feasibility of investment in blue growth multiple-use of space and multi-use platform projects; Results of a novel assessment approach and case studies', Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 107, pp. 338–359.
Dalton, G., et al. (2016) WP 9: Pilot and Commercial Plans for Category B Projects D9.1. Category B Project Reports. MARIBE D-9.1.
Depellegrin, D., Venier, C., Kyriazi, Z., Vassilopoulou, V., Castellani, C., Ramieri, E., Bocci, M., et al. (2019) ‘Exploring multi-use potentials in the euro-mediterranean sea space”. Science of the Total Environment’ Volume 653, 2019, pp. 612-629, ISSN 0048-9697.
Díaz-Simal, P., Torres-Ortega, S. & Del-Jesus, F. (2015) WP 5: Technical and non-technical challenges, regional and sectoral. Deliverable D5.1 Review of multi-use and multi-purpose platform projects Status: Final 07/09/2015. MARIBE. Horizon 2020.
Drummen I and Olbert G (2021) ‘Conceptual Design of a Modular Floating Multi-Purpose Island’, Front. Mar. Sci. 8:615222. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.615222
Ehler, C. (2021) 'Two decades of progress in marine spatial planning', Marine Policy, 132, 104134.
Ehler, C. and Douvere, F. (2009) Marine Spatial Planning: A Step-by-Step Approach Toward Ecosystem-Based Management. UNESCO-IOC Manual and Guides No. 53, ICAm Dossier No 6. Paris: UNESCO.
Esser, F. and Vliegenthart, R. (2018) 'Comparative research methods'. In: Matthes, J. (ed.) International Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods. London: Wiley Blackwell.
European Commission (2021) Best Practice Guidance in Multi-Use Issues and Licensing Procedures. Short Background Study. European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency, Unit D.3 – Sustainable Blue Economy, written by Riclet, E., Herpers, F. and Le Visage, C. doi: 10.2926/015669
Fayram, A.H. and Risi, A. (2007) 'The potential compatibility of offshore wind power and fisheries: An example using bluefin tuna in the Adriatic Sea', Ocean & Coastal Management, 50(8), pp. 597–605.
Flannery, W., Ellis, G., Nursey-Bray, M., Van Tatenhove, J.P.M. and Kelly, C. et al. (2016) 'Exploring the winners and losers of marine environmental governance/Marine spatial planning', Planning Theory & Practice, 17(1), pp. 121–151.
Franzén, F., Nordzell, H., Wallström, J. and Gröndahl, F. (2017) Case Study 4: Multi-Use for Local Development Focused on Energy Production, Tourism and Environment in Swedish Waters (Island of Gotland - Baltic Sea). MUSES DELIVERABLE: D3.3 - Case Study Implementation, 30 November 2017.
Frazão Santos, C. et al., (2020). “Integrating climate change in ocean planning”. Nature Sustainability, Volume 3, pp. 505–516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0513-x
Friess, B. and Grémaud-Colombier, M. (2021) 'Policy outlook: What are the opportunities for EU Marine Spatial Planning in the framework of the European Green Deal?', Marine Policy, 132, 104699.
Gazos, K., & Vagiona, D. G. (2024). ‘Marine Suitability Assessment for Offshore Wind Farms’ Deployment in Thrace, Greece’, Sustainability, 16(10), 4204.
Gee, K. & Mikkelsen, E. (2023) ‘Understanding different types of conflicts and coexistence in marine spatial planning (MSP)’, ICES Cooperative Research Reports Volume 357. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.24598734
Gilliland, P.M. and Laffoley, D. (2008) 'Key elements and steps in the process of developing ecosystem-based marine spatial planning', Marine Policy, 32(5), pp. 787–796.
Gissi, E., Fraschetti, S. & Micheli, F., (2019) ‘Incorporating change in marine spatial planning: a review’, Environmental Science & Policy, Volume 92, pp. 191-200.
Guyot-Téphany, J., Trouillet, B., Diederichsen, S. et al., (2024) ‘Two decades of research on ocean multi-use: achievements, challenges and the need for transdisciplinarity’, npj Ocean Sustainability, Volume 3(8), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44183-024-00043-z
Johnson, K., Dalton, G. and Masters, I. (2018) Building Industries at Sea: ‘Blue Growth’ and the New Maritime Economy. Part III: Planning by Sea Basin. River Publishers Series in Renewable Energy. ISBN: 978-87-93609-25-9.
Kafas, A. (2017) Case Study 1A Offshore Wind and Commercial Fisheries in the East Coast of Scotland. MUSES Project, 30 November 2017.
Kannen, A. (2014) 'Challenges for marine spatial planning in the context of multiple sea uses, policy arenas and actors based on experiences from the German North Sea', Regional Environmental Change, 14(6), pp. 2139–2150.
Karlson, H.L., Jørgensen, L., Andresen, L. and Lukic, I. (2017) Case Study 5: Offshore Wind and Mariculture: Potentials for Multi-Use and Nutrient Remediation in Rødsand 2 (South Coast of Lolland-Falster - Denmark - Baltic Sea). MUSES DELIVERABLE: D3.3 - Case Study Implementation, 30 November 2017.
Katsanevakis, S. et al. (2011) 'Ecosystem-based marine spatial management: Review of concepts, policies, tools, and critical issues', Ocean & Coastal Management, 54, pp. 807–820.
Kelly, C., Ellis, G. & Flannery, W., (2018) ‘Conceptualising change in marine governance: learning from transition management’ Marine Policy, 95 (2018), pp. 24-35.
Kirkfeldt, T.S. & Frazão Santos.C., (2021). ‘A Review of Sustainability Concepts in Marine Spatial Planning and the Potential to Supporting the UN Sustainable Development Goal 14’, Front. Marine Science, Volume 8.
Koutsi, D. and Stratigea, A. (2022) 'Locus of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) in maritime spatial planning (MSP): A data-driven, place-based and participatory planning perspective'. In: Gervasi, O., Murgante, B., Misra, S., Rocha, A.M.A.C. and Garau, C. (eds.) Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2022 Workshops. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 13379. Cham: Springer.
Krippendorff, K. (2018) Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Kyriazi, Z., (2018). ‘From identification of compatibilities and conflicts to reaching marine spatial allocation agreements. review of actions required and relevant tools and processes’, Ocean & Coastal Management, Volume 166, 1 December 2018, pp. 103-112.
Kyriazi, Z., Lejano, R., Maes, F. and Degraer, S. (2015) 'Bargaining a net gain compensation agreement between a marine renewable energy developer and a marine protected area manager', Marine Policy, 60, pp. 40–48.
Kyvelou S.S. & Ierapetritis D., (2021) ‘Fostering Spatial Efficiency in the Marine Space, in a Socially Sustainable Way: Lessons Learnt from a Soft Multi-Use Assessment in the Mediterranean’, Frontiers Marine Science, Volume 8.
Kyvelou, S.S.I. and Ierapetritis, D.G. (2020) 'Fisheries sustainability through soft multi-use maritime spatial planning and local development co-management: Potentials and challenges in Greece', Sustainability, 12(5), 2026.
Legorburu, I. Johnson, K. R. & Kerr, S. A., (2018) ‘Multi-use maritime platforms - North Sea oil and offshore wind: Opportunity and risk’ Ocean & Coastal Management, Volume 160, 2018, pp. 75-85, ISSN 0964-5691.
Liontakis, A., & Vassilopoulou, V. (2022). 'Exploring fishing tourism sustainability in North-Eastern Mediterranean waters, through a stochastic modelling analysis: An opportunity for the few or a viable option for coastal communities?', Ocean & Coastal Management, 221, 106118.
Lukic, I., von Ruckteschell, F. D., et al. (2023). Ocean Multi-Use Toolkit. UNITED Horizon 2020 project partnership, Technical report.
Maar, M., Holbach, A., Boderskov, T., et al. (2023). 'Multi-use of offshore wind farms with low-trophic aquaculture can help achieve global sustainability goals', Communications Earth & Environment, 4(1), pp. 1–14.
Manglis, A., Fourkiotou, A., & Papadopoulou, D. (2021). 'A roadmap for the sustainable valorization of accessible underwater cultural heritage sites', Heritage, 4(4), 4700–4715.
Maniopoulou, M., Kyriazi, Z., Karachle, P., Dogrammatzi, A., Kalyvioti, G., and Vassilopoulou, V. (2017) Case Study 7: Marine Renewable Energy Sources & Desalination, Fishing & Tourism in The South Aegean: The Case of Mykonos Island (GREECE - MEDITERRANEAN SEA). Edinburgh: The Museum Project. MUSES DELIVERABLE: D3.3 - CASE STUDY IMPLEMENTATION. 30 November 2017.
Mccann, J., Hodson, C., Walsh, J.P., Freeman, P., Guyot-Téphany, J. et al. (2023) ‘MultiFrame. Ocean Multi-Use Assessment Approach (MUAA)’ Belmont Forum, Future Earth, JPI Oceans. 2023. ffhal-04660880f
Melissas, D., & Asprogerakas, E. (2022) 'Spatial parameters for the development of floating wind farms in Greece', European Journal of Geography, 13(4), pp. 1–17.
Miranda, F., Rosa-Santos, P., Taveira-Pinto, F., Guan, D. & Fazeres-Ferradosa, T. (2025) 'Aquaculture and offshore wind: A review of co-location design challenges', Ocean Engineering, 318, 2025, ISSN 0029-8018.
Moore, S. A., Brown, G., Kobryn, H., and Strickland-Munro, J., (2017) ‘Identifying conflict potential in a coastal and marine environment using participatory mapping’ Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 197, pp. 706-718.
Neimane, L. & Michalak, S., (2023) ‘Maritime spatial plans as an object of the right of access to information’, Marine Policy, Volume 158, 2023, 105870, ISSN 0308-597X.
Ntona, M., & Morgena, E. (2018) ‘Connecting SDG 14 with the other Sustainable Development Goals through marine spatial planning’ Marine Policy, 93, pp. 214–222.
Onyango, V., Papaioannou, E., Schupp, M. F., Zaucha, J., Przedzymirska, J., Lukic, I., et.al., (2020) ‘Is Demonstrating the Concept of Multi-use Too Soon for the North Sea? Barriers and opportunities from a stakeholder perspective’. Coastal management. Volume 48, pp. 77–95 (2020).
O'Shea, R., Capuzzo, E., et al. (2024) ‘Managing offshore multi-use settings: Use of conceptual mapping to reduce uncertainty of co-locating seaweed aquaculture and wind farms’, Journal of Environmental Management, 358, 120696.
Papandroulakis, N., Thomsen, C., et al. (2017). The EU-project “TROPOS”. In B. H. Buck & R. Langan (Eds.), Aquaculture Perspective of Multi-Use Sites in the Open Ocean (Chapter 12). Springer International Publishing.
Paramana, T., Karditsa, A., Milatou, N., Petrakis, S., Megalofonou, P., Poulos, S., & Dassenakis, M. (2021) ‘MSFD in-depth knowledge of the marine environment as the stepping stone to perform marine spatial planning in Greece’, Water, 13(15).
Pérez-Reverte Mañas, C., Cerezo Andreo, F., López Osorio, P., González Gallero, R., Mariscal Rico, L., & Arévalo González, A. (2021) ‘Underwater Cultural Heritage as an Engine for Social, Economic and Cultural Development’. State of Research at the University of Cadiz (Andalusia, Spain). Heritage, 4(4), 2676–2690.
Pirlet, H., Claus, S., Copejans, E., Christensen, E. M., Guanche García, R., Møhlenberg, F., et al. (2014) The Mermaid project – Innovative multi-purpose offshore platforms. Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ).
Pomeroy, R., & Douvere, F. (2008) ‘The engagement of stakeholders in the marine spatial planning process’, Marine Policy, 32(5), pp. 816–822.
Przedrzymirska, J., Zaucha, J., Calado, H., Lukic, I., Bocci, M., Ramieri, E., et al. (2021) ‘Multi-use of the sea as a sustainable development instrument in five EU sea basins’, Sustainability, 13(15).
Przedrzymirska, J., Zaucha, J., Depellegrin, D., et al. (2017) ‘Multi-use of the sea: From research to practice’, SHS Web of Conferences, 58, 01025.
Rudolph, D. (2014) ‘The resurgent conflict between offshore wind farms and tourism: Underlying storylines’, Scottish Geographical Journal, 130.
Sangiuliano, S. J. (2017) Case study 1B: Tidal energy development and environmental protection and monitoring (North Coast of Scotland – Inner Sound of the Pentland Firth – North Sea). MUSES Deliverable: D3.3 – Case Study Implementation.
Santhakumar, S., Meerman, H., Faaij, A., Gordon, R. M., & Gusatu, L. F. (2024) ‘The future role of offshore renewable energy technologies in the North Sea energy system’, Energy Conversion and Management, 315, 118775.
Santos, C. F., Agardy, T., Andrade, F., Crowder, L. B., Ehler, C. N., & Orbach, M. K. (2021) ‘Major challenges in developing marine spatial planning’, Marine Policy, 132.
Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice. Sage. ISBN: 9781849205931.
Schultz-Zehden, A., Lukic, I., Onwona Ansong, J., Altvater, S., Bamlett, R., Barbanti, A., et al. (2018) Ocean Multi-Use Action Plan. Edinburgh: The Museum Project.
Schupp, M. F., & Buck, B. H. (2017). Case study 1C: Multi-use of offshore windfarms with marine aquaculture and fisheries (German North Sea EEZ – North Sea). MUSES Deliverable: D3.3 – Case Study Implementation.
Schupp, M.F., Bocci, M., Depellegrin, D., Kafas, A., Kyriazi, Z., Lukic, I., Schultz-Zehden, A., Krause, G., Onyango, V. & Buck, B.H., (2019) ‘Toward a Common Understanding of Ocean Multi-Use’, Frontier Marine Science. Volume 6:165.
Smythe, T., Bidwell, D., Moore, A., Smith, H., & McCann, J. (2020) ‘Beyond the beach: Tradeoffs in tourism and recreation at the first offshore wind farm in the United States’, Energy Research & Social Science, 70, 101726.
Stancheva, M., & Stanchev, H. (2020) ‘Addressing the multi-use concept with maritime spatial planning in the cross-border region (Bulgaria)’ MARSPLAN-BS II Project, Deliverable: WP2, Activity 2.4.
Stancheva, M., Stanchev, H., Zaucha, J., Ramieri, E., & Roberts, T. (2022) ‘Supporting multi-use of the sea with maritime spatial planning: The case of a multi-use opportunity development – Bulgaria, Black Sea’, Marine Policy, 136, 104927.
Stuiver, M., Soma, K., Koundouri, P., Van den Burg, S., Gerritsen, A., Harkamp, T., et al. (2016) ‘The governance of multi-use platforms at sea for energy production and aquaculture: Challenges for policy makers in European seas’, Sustainability, 8(4), 333.
Vagiona, D. G., Tzekakis, G., Loukogeorgaki, E., & Karanikolas, N. (2022). Site Selection of Offshore Solar Farm Deployment in the Aegean Sea, Greece. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(2), 224.
van den Burg, S. W. K., Schupp, M., Depellegrin, D., Barbanti, A., & Kerr, S. (2020) ‘Development of multi-use platforms at sea: Barriers to realising blue growth’, Ocean Engineering, 217, 107983.
Varona, M. C., Calado, H., & Vergílio, M. (2017) Case study 3A: Development of tourism and fishing in the Southern Atlantic Sea (South Coast of Mainland Portugal – Algarve Region – Eastern Atlantic Sea). MUSES Deliverable: D3.3 – Case Study Implementation.
Vergílio, M., August, P. V., Calado, H., & Fonseca, C. (2017) ‘Ecosystem functions at the island scale: A contribution to the design of ecological structure’, International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 13(1), pp. 355–379.
Virtanen, E. A., Lappalainen, J., Nurmi, M., et al. (2022) ‘Balancing profitability of energy production, societal impacts and biodiversity in offshore wind farm design’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 158, 112087.
Weis, K., Chambers, C., & Holladay, P. J. (2021) ‘Social-ecological resilience and community-based tourism in the Commonwealth of Dominica’, Tourism Geography, 23, pp. 458–478.
Westerberg, V., Bredahl Jacobsen, J., & Lifran, R. (2013) ‘The case for offshore wind farms, artificial reefs and sustainable tourism in the French Mediterranean’, Tourism Management, 34, pp. 172–183.
Willis-Norton, E., Mangin, T., Schroeder, D. M., Cabral, R. B., & Gaines, S. D. (2024) ‘A synthesis of socioeconomic and sociocultural indicators for assessing the impacts of offshore renewable energy on fishery participants and fishing communities’, Marine Policy, 161, 106013.
Wright, G., O’Hagan, A. M., de Groot, J., Leroy, Y., Soininen, N., Salcido, R., et al. (2016) ‘Establishing a legal research agenda for ocean energy’, Marine Policy, 63, pp. 126–134.
Xylia, M., Passos, M. V., Piseddu, T., & Barquet, K. (2023) ‘Exploring multi-use platforms: A literature review of marine, multifunctional, modular, and mobile applications (M4s)’, Heliyon, 9(6), e16372.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Aeihoros: Essays on Spatial Planning and Development
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.