The Impact of Exercise Cessation on the Physical Fitness of Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities

Abstract

Regular physical activity (PA) has been linked to many health benefits in individuals with and without disabilities, including those with intellectual disabilities (ID). Participation in exercise programs is considered necessary to maintain an adequate level of physical fitness (PF). A suggested way of exercise for individuals with ID is to participate in activities and sports provided by sports clubs preparing them to take part at either a recreational or competitive level. One of the most popular sports among athletes with ID is swimming. The benefits of regular participation in swimming are many as it contributes to various physiological and biomechanical adaptations. Cessation or reduction of training, known as detraining, causes partial or complete reversal of these adaptations, thereby reducing swimming performance. The aim of this research was to identify studies that have investigated the effects of exercise cessation in people with ID, focusing on those who participate in swimming, on biological parameters and performance. Studies were searched in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar and additionally in Academia and Research Gate databases from 1980 to 2023. The research question was developed using the PICO (Patient or Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) framework. Only four studies met the criteria for this research. Parameters associated with physical condition (PC) and performance in ID subjects after cessation of swimming or land-based exercise were assessed. The results revealed that the parameters were affected in many ways after different periods of exercise cessation. Losses in exercise-induced aerobic and respiratory fitness, mobility and functional capacity were found. The present study could be considered a useful guide for physical education teachers and coaches of people with ID to promote and maintain PC and improve their quality of life.