Effects of Swimming on Bone Mineral Density

Abstract

Low bone mineral density (osteoporosis) is a major health problem characterized by low bone mass and high bone fragility, mainly of the hip, spinal column and wrist. Various types of aerobic and resistance exercise may provide weight-bearing stimulus to the bones. However, resistance training seems to be more beneficial for bone health. Methods for the evaluation of bone mineral density include dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, quantitative ultrasound and measurement of bone biochemical markers. Swimming doesn’t seem to provide a strong osteogenetic stimulus, though studies referring to bone mineral density of swimmers compared to other athletes or physically active persons have conflicting results. Type and intensity of exercise in water have independent and additive effects on bone mineral density and can be evaluated together in formation of sports programs and training interventions that can maximize the positive effects on skeletal health. Short distance swimming in high intensity might be the most appropriate program for increase or maintenance of bone density in persons with health problems
in joints, muscles and parts of the body that are most affected by gravity, such as the spinal cord. An important issue concerning the relationship between swimming and bone mineral density is the duration of the training intervention. The combination of swimming with other types of exercise (resistance training or jumping exercises) can lead researchers to new directions and promote the benefits of exercise in a low-gravity environment such as water.